desert, wilderness

Click here to view graphically

The Greek that is translated as “desert” or “wilderness” in English is translated in a number of ways:

Note that in Luke 15:4, usually a term is used that denotes pastoral land, such as “eating/grazing-place” in Tagbanwa (source: Tagbanwa Back Translation).

See also wilderness and desolate wilderness.

Aaron

The name that is transliterated as “Aaron” in English is translated in Catalan Sign Language and Spanish Sign Language as “stones on chest plate” (according to Exodus 28:15-30) (Source: John Elwode in The Bible Translator 2008, p. 78ff.)


“Aaron” in Spanish Sign Language, source: Sociedad Bíblica de España

In Colombian Sign Language, Honduras Sign Language, and American Sign Language, the chest plate is outlined (in ASL it is outlined using the letter “A”):


“Aaron” in ASL (source )

See also Moses and this lectionary in The Christian Century .

Moses

The name that is transliterated as “Moses” in English is signed in Spanish Sign Language and Polish Sign Language in accordance with the depiction of Moses in the famous statue by Michelangelo (see here ). (Source: John Elwode in The Bible Translator 2008, p. 78ff.)


“Moses” in Spanish Sign Language, source: Sociedad Bíblica de España

American Sign Language also uses the sign depicting the horns but also has a number of alternative signs (see here).

In French Sign Language, a similar sign is used, but it is interpreted as “radiance” (see below) and it culminates in a sign for “10,” signifying the 10 commandments:


“Moses” in French Sign Language (source )

The horns that are visible in Michelangelo’s statue are based on a passage in the Latin Vulgate translation (and many Catholic Bible translations that were translated through the 1950ies with that version as the source text). Jerome, the translator, had worked from a Hebrew text without the niqquds, the diacritical marks that signify the vowels in Hebrew and had interpreted the term קרו (k-r-n) in Exodus 34:29 as קֶ֫רֶן — keren “horned,” rather than קָרַו — karan “radiance” (describing the radiance of Moses’ head as he descends from Mount Sinai).

Even at the time of his translation, Jerome likely was not the only one making that decision as this recent article alludes to.

In Swiss-German Sign Language it is translated with a sign depicting holding a staff. This refers to a number of times where Moses’s staff is used in the context of miracles, including the parting of the sea (see Exodus 14:16), striking of the rock for water (see Exodus 17:5 and following), or the battle with Amalek (see Exodus 17:9 and following).


“Moses” in Swiss-German Sign Language, source: DSGS-Lexikon biblischer Begriffe , © CGG Schweiz

In Estonian Sign Language Moses is depicted with a big beard. (Source: Liina Paales in Folklore 47, 2011, p. 43ff.)

See also Moses and Elijah during the Transfiguration.

Translation commentary on Numbers 13:26

In Good News Translation this verse starts in the middle of a sentence, because Good News Translation combines verses 25 and 26. See the comments on verse 25 to understand why these two verses are better put in different paragraphs.

And they came to Moses and Aaron and to all the congregation of the people of Israel in the wilderness of Paran, at Kadesh: And they came is literally “And they went and they came.” This double verb of returning to report back initiates a new discourse unit. At the beginning of this new paragraph it may be necessary to specify once again that the pronoun they refers to the twelve spies (see the comments on verse 21). The Hebrew word for congregation is better rendered “community” (Good News Translation; see 1.2). For the wilderness of Paran, see 10.12. The town of Kadesh became the Israelites’ chief base for the next several decades. It was located about 80 kilometers (50 miles) south of Beersheba in the wilderness of Paran, which bordered on or overlapped with the wilderness of Zin. It formed part of the southern border of the land of Canaan and the western border with Edom. This place is called Kadesh-barnea in 32.8.

They brought back word to them and to all the congregation: The pronoun them refers to Moses and Aaron. This clause is actually an initial summary of verses 27-33. Good News Translation reduces the clause to “They reported what they had seen.” However, it should be clear at this point that the spies reported not just to Moses and Aaron but to the whole community as well. Otherwise the reference to “the people” in verse 30 would not make sense. Good News Translation may be corrected as follows: “They reported to all of them what they had seen” (similarly Bible en français courant).

And showed them the fruit of the land: See verse 23. Here the pronoun them refers to Moses, Aaron, and the rest of the Israelites.

Quoted with permission from de Regt, Lénart J. and Wendland, Ernst R. A Handbook on Numbers. (UBS Helps for Translators). Miami: UBS, 2016. For this and other handbooks for translators see here .