brothers

“Brothers” has to be translated into Naro as “younger brothers and older brothers” (Tsáá qõea xu hẽé / naka tsáá kíí). All brothers are included this way, also because of the kind of plural that has been used. (Source: Gerrit van Steenbergen)

This also must be more clearly defined in Yucateco as older or younger (suku’un or Iits’in), but here there are both older and younger brothers. Yucateco does have a more general word for close relative, family member. (Source: Robert Bascom)

Pharaoh

The term that is used for monarchs in ancient Egypt and is transliterated as “Pharaoh” in English is translated in Finnish Sign Language with the sign signifying the “fake metal beard (postiche)” that was word by Pharaohs during official functions. (Source: Tarja Sandholm)


“Pharaoh” in Finnish Sign Language (source )

inclusive vs. exclusive pronoun (Gen. 47:3)

Many languages distinguish between inclusive and exclusive first-person plural pronouns (“we”). (Click or tap here to see more details)

The inclusive “we” specifically includes the addressee (“you and I and possibly others”), while the exclusive “we” specifically excludes the addressee (“he/she/they and I, but not you”). This grammatical distinction is called “clusivity.” While Semitic languages such as Hebrew or most Indo-European languages such as Greek or English do not make that distinction, translators of languages with that distinction have to make a choice every time they encounter “we” or a form thereof (in English: “we,” “our,” or “us”).

For this verse, both the Jarai translation and the Adamawa Fulfulde translation use the exclusive pronoun (excluding Pharaoh).

shepherd

The Greek and Hebrew that is translated as “shepherd” in English is translated in Kouya as Bhlabhlɛɛ ‘yliyɔzʋnyɔ — ” tender of sheep.”

Philip Saunders (p. 231) explains:

“Then one day they tackled the thorny problem of ‘shepherd’. It was problematic because Kouyas don’t have herdsmen who stay with the sheep all the time. Sheep wander freely round the village and its outskirts, and often a young lad will be detailed to drive sheep to another feeding spot. So the usual Kouya expression meant a ‘driver of sheep’, which would miss the idea of a ‘nurturing’ shepherd. ‘A sheep nurturer’ was possible to say, but it was unnatural in most contexts. The group came up with Bhlabhlɛɛ ‘yliyɔzʋnyɔ which meant ‘a tender of sheep’, that is one who keeps an eye on the sheep to make sure they are all right. All, including the translators, agreed that this was a most satisfactory solution.”

In Chuj, the translation is “carer” since there was no single word for “shepherd” (source: Ronald Ross), in Muna, it is dhagano dhumba: “sheep guard” since there was no immediate lexical equivalent (source: René van den Berg), in Mairasi it is translated with “people who took care of domesticated animals” (source: Enggavoter 2004), in Noongar as kookendjeriyang-yakina or “sheep worker” (source: Warda-Kwabba Luke-Ang), and Kwakum as “those-who-monitor-the-livestock” (source: Stacey Hare in this post ).

See also I am the good shepherd.

complete verse (Genesis 47:3)

Following are a number of back-translations as well as a sample translation for translators of Genesis 47:3:

  • Kankanaey: “The king asked-about their work and they said answering, ‘Sir king, we (excl.) pasture-animals like just the same our (excl.) ancestors.” (Source: Kankanaey Back Translation)
  • Newari: “Pharaoh asked them — ‘What work do you do?'” (Source: Newari Back Translation)
  • Hiligaynon: “The king asked them, ‘What (is) your (pl.) work?’ They replied, ‘We (excl.) (are) ones-who-watch-over animals, just-like our (excl.) parents.” (Source: Hiligaynon Back Translation)
  • English: “The king asked the brothers, ‘What work do you do?’ They replied, ‘We are shepherds, just as our ancestors were.'” (Source: Translation for Translators)

Translation commentary on Genesis 47:3

Pharaoh said to his brothers: his refers to Joseph and will often be clearer if translated as “The king asked Joseph’s brothers.”

Occupation: see 46.33.

Your servants: see comment on 18.3.

The brothers’ reply to the king is based on the instructions they received from Joseph in 46.34. In this reply the first person pronouns used by the brothers are exclusive in those languages that make a distinction between inclusive and exclusive forms.

As our fathers were: fathers refers to ancestors.

Quoted with permission from Reyburn, William D. and Fry, Euan McG. A Handbook on Genesis. (UBS Helps for Translators). New York: UBS, 1997. For this and other handbooks for translators see here .